The Paris Agreement, adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in December 2015, represents a significant milestone in global efforts to combat climate change. Its major outcomes can be summarized as follows:

Long-term Temperature Goals

The Paris Agreement aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. This goal is crucial because it recognizes that keeping temperature increases within these limits will significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change[1].

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

Countries are required to submit their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which outline their plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These contributions are expected to be updated every five years, reflecting increased ambition over time. The NDCs represent each country's commitment to achieving the goals of the agreement and are tailored to their specific circumstances[2][3].

Financial Support for Developing Countries

The agreement includes provisions for financial assistance from developed countries to developing nations. This support is intended to help these countries mitigate climate change effects and adapt to its impacts. The aim is to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020, with a focus on enhancing resilience and transitioning towards renewable energy sources[1][2].

Enhanced Transparency Framework

An Enhanced Transparency Framework was established under the Paris Agreement, requiring countries to report on their emissions and progress towards their NDCs. This framework aims to ensure accountability and facilitate trust among nations by providing a clear picture of collective progress toward meeting climate goals[3].

Global Stocktake

Every five years, a global stocktake will assess collective progress towards achieving the long-term goals of the agreement. This process allows for adjustments in national commitments based on scientific findings and technological advancements, ensuring that efforts remain aligned with the overarching objectives of limiting global warming[1][2].

Adaptation and Resilience

The agreement emphasizes the importance of adaptation strategies alongside mitigation efforts. Countries are encouraged to enhance their adaptive capacities and resilience against climate impacts, recognizing that some degree of climate change is already unavoidable[3].

In summary, the major outcomes of the Paris Agreement include setting ambitious temperature targets, establishing a framework for national commitments through NDCs, providing financial support for developing nations, implementing an enhanced transparency framework, conducting periodic global stocktakes, and emphasizing adaptation measures alongside mitigation efforts.

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