The shift from "kaneh-bosem" to "calamus" is a complex issue with multiple contributing factors. Let's analyze each of the provided options:

Linguistic Conservatism

Cultural Stigma

Early translations played a significant role in shaping the understanding of "kaneh-bosem." The Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, rendered "kaneh-bosem" as "kalamos." Later, Latin translations adopted this term, solidifying its presence in Western religious texts. The term "kalamos" (Greek) and "calamus" (Latin) generally refer to reeds or sweet flag, a plant with aromatic properties. This linguistic choice, driven by the translators' familiarity with Greek and Latin botanical terms, influenced subsequent interpretations.

Theological Resistance

The potential psychoactive properties of plants like cannabis, which some scholars believe "kaneh-bosem" may have referred to, could have led to cultural stigma. During the medieval and Victorian eras, there was a growing trend of associating psychoactive substances with taboo practices. This shift in cultural attitudes could have influenced the interpretation and translation of texts, potentially leading to the substitution of "kaneh-bosem" with a less controversial term like "calamus."

Analysis and Conclusion

The use of cannabis, if indeed "kaneh-bosem" referred to it, could have presented a challenge to evolving religious orthodoxy. The potential for altered states of consciousness through cannabis use might have been viewed with suspicion or disapproval by religious authorities. This theological resistance could have contributed to the reinterpretation of "kaneh-bosem" and its association with a less controversial plant like calamus.

Considering the factors, the shift from "kaneh-bosem" to "calamus" likely reflects a combination of influences. Linguistic conservatism, where early translators favored Greek/Latin "kalamos," is a primary driver. The choice of "calamus" was a direct translation of the Greek term, reflecting the translators' linguistic framework. Cultural stigma and theological resistance may have also played a role, but the initial translation choice set the stage for subsequent interpretations.

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