Here's an analysis of the archaeological evidence for the use of Cannabis sativa and calamus in ancient religious and medicinal contexts, focusing on the specified examples.

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The use of Cannabis sativa in ancient religious and medicinal contexts is supported by archaeological findings. The Tel Arad altars in Israel provide compelling evidence. Residue analysis of the altars revealed the presence of cannabis, suggesting its use in religious rituals.[1] Similarly, the Jiayi Cemetery in Taiwan offers further confirmation. Archaeological excavations at this site uncovered cannabis in a burial context, indicating its potential use in funerary practices or as a medicinal offering.[2] These findings, along with other discoveries, contribute to a growing body of evidence supporting the use of cannabis in ancient societies for both religious and medicinal purposes.

The archaeological evidence supports the use of Cannabis sativa in ancient religious and medicinal contexts, as demonstrated by findings at Tel Arad and Jiayi Cemetery. However, there is a lack of corresponding archaeological evidence for the use of calamus in biblical or ancient Israelite rituals.

Calamus, in contrast to Cannabis sativa, lacks substantial archaeological evidence to support its use in biblical or ancient Israelite rituals. While calamus is mentioned in the Bible, the absence of direct archaeological findings linking it to specific ritualistic practices makes it difficult to definitively confirm its role in such contexts. The lack of physical evidence, such as residue analysis or direct association with ritualistic artifacts, contrasts with the evidence available for cannabis.

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