The Quran, revealed in the 7th century, contains numerous statements regarding the natural world that many scholars and scientists argue align with modern scientific discoveries. While the Quran is primarily a book of guidance, the precision of its descriptions in fields such as cosmology, embryology, and geology has led to the "Bucailleism" movement—named after Dr. Maurice Bucaille—which seeks to highlight these "scientific miracles."[1] [2]

The Expansion of the Universe and Hubble’s Law

One of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century is that the universe is not static but is expanding. This was famously formulated by Edwin Hubble in 1929.[3]

The Quran states: "And the heaven We built with might, and indeed, We are [its] expander" (Surah Adh-Dhariyat 51:47).[4]

Scientific Analysis: The expansion of the universe is mathematically described by Hubble’s Law: $$v=H_{0}D$$ Where:

• $v$ is the galaxy's radial velocity.
• $H_0$ is the Hubble constant.
• $D$ is the proper distance to the galaxy.[5]

The Arabic term lamūsi‘ūna (expanders) is a present participle indicating a continuous action of expansion, which aligns with the observation that the universe continues to grow in volume over time.[1] [6]

The Big Bang and the Singularity

Modern cosmology posits that the universe began as a "primordial atom" or a singularity—a state of infinite density and heat.[7]

The Quran describes this origin: "Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity, and We separated them..." (Surah Al-Anbiya 21:30).[4]

Scientific Analysis: The term ratqan in Arabic refers to a "closed-up mass" or "fused entity," while fataqnahuma means "We clove them asunder" or "ripped them apart."[1] This mirrors the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, which describes the expansion of space from a singular point: $$d{s}^2=-d{t}^2+a(t{)}^2[\frac{d{r}^2}{1-k{r}^2}+r^2(d{\theta }^2+{\sin }^{}\theta d{\varphi }^2)]$$ In this formula, $a(t)$ is the scale factor representing the "separation" or expansion of the universe from its initial state ($a\to 0$).[8]

Embryology: The Stages of Human Development

In 1976, Dr. Maurice Bucaille presented a paper to the French Academy of Medicine highlighting the accuracy of Quranic embryology.[2] The Quran outlines the stages of the embryo in Surah Al-Mu’minun (23:12-14).

The Stages and Formulas:

1. Nutfah (Drop): The zygote.
2. ‘Alaqah (Clinging thing): The blastocyst attaching to the uterine wall.
3. Mudghah (Chewed-like substance): The somite stage where the embryo looks indented.[9]

Scientific Analysis: The mathematical growth of an embryo can be modeled using the Gompertz Growth Function, which accounts for the rapid initial cell division followed by a slowing as tissues differentiate: $$W(t)=K{e}^{-e^{a-bt}}$$ Where:

• $W(t)$ is the weight/size at time $t$.
• $K$ is the asymptotic size.
• $a$ and $b$ are growth constants.[10]

Professor Keith L. Moore, a world-renowned embryologist, noted that the term ‘alaqah accurately describes the embryo's appearance as a "leech" or "clinging substance" during the early stages of gestation, a detail not visible to the naked eye in the 7th century.[11] [12]

Geology: Mountains as Pegs and Isostasy

The Quran describes mountains as awtad (pegs or stakes) in Surah An-Naba (78:6-7).[4]

Scientific Analysis: Modern geology confirms that mountains are not merely surface features; they have "roots" that extend deep into the Earth's crust to provide stability. This is known as the Principle of Isostasy.[13]

The mathematical model for Isostasy (Airy-Heiskanen model) is: $$t_1=\frac{h{\rho }_c}{{\rho }_m-{\rho }_c}$$ Where:

• $t_1$ is the depth of the mountain root.
• $h$ is the height of the mountain above sea level.
• ${\rho }_c$ is the density of the crust.
• ${\rho }_m$ is the density of the mantle.[14]

Just as a peg holds a tent by having a large portion of its body underground, mountains maintain the equilibrium of the Earth's lithosphere through these deep roots.[1] [15]

The Mathematical Code of 19

In 1974, biochemist Rashad Khalifa claimed to discover a complex mathematical structure based on the number 19, referenced in Surah Al-Muddaththir (74:30): "Over it are nineteen."[16] [17]

Demonstrations of the Code:

• The Basmalah: The opening phrase "Bismillah ir-Rahman ir-Rahim" consists of 19 Arabic letters.[17]
• Surah Count: The Quran has 114 Surahs ($19\times 6$).[16]
• Letter Frequency: In certain "initialed" Surahs (Muqatta'at), the frequency of the initial letters is often a multiple of 19. For example, in Surah Qaf, the letter "Qaf" appears 57 times ($19\times 3$).[17]

Probability Formula: The likelihood of these occurrences being random can be calculated using the Binomial Distribution: $$P(X=k)=\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k}\right)p^k(1-p{)}^{n-k}$$ If the probability ($p$) of a word being a multiple of 19 is $1/19$, the cumulative probability of dozens of independent features all being multiples of 19 becomes infinitesimally small ($P\approx 0$), suggesting intentional design.[18]

The Golden Ratio in the Quran

The Golden Ratio ($\varphi \approx 1.618$) is a mathematical constant found in nature and aesthetics.[19]

The Makkah Connection: Some researchers point to Surah Al-Imran (3:96), which mentions "Bakka" (Makkah). If one takes the total number of letters in the verse (47) and divides it by the position of the word "Bakka" (29), the result is approximately 1.62, close to the Golden Ratio.[16]

Formula: $$\varphi =\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}\approx 1.618033...$$

Furthermore, the distance from the North Pole to Makkah ($7,631.68$ km) divided by the distance from Makkah to the South Pole ($12,348.32$ km) yields approximately $0.618$, which is $1/\varphi$.[20]

Atmospheric Protection: The "Preserved Roof"

The Quran states: "And We made the sky a protected ceiling (roof)..." (Surah Al-Anbiya 21:32).[4]

Scientific Analysis: The Earth's atmosphere protects life from lethal cosmic radiation and meteoroids. The Van Allen Radiation Belts and the Magnetosphere act as a shield.[21]

The protection against solar wind can be modeled by the Magnetopause Standoff Distance formula: $$R_{mp}={\left(\frac{{\mu }_0{f}^2{M}^2}{4{\pi }^2\rho v^2}\right)}^{1/6}$$ Where:

• $M$ is the Earth's magnetic moment.
• $\rho$ and $v$ are the density and velocity of the solar wind.
• ${\mu }_0$ is the permeability of free space.[22]

This "roof" prevents the stripping of the atmosphere and protects the surface from high-energy particles, a concept unknown at the time of the Quran's revelation.[1]