Here's how PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) can enter your water, food, and home, based on the most recent information:

Industrial Discharge is a significant source of PFAS contamination. Factories that manufacture products containing PFAS can release contaminated wastewater into rivers and aquifers. A prominent example of this is the PFOA contamination of the Ohio River caused by DuPont/Chemours.[1]

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Agricultural Runoff is another pathway. PFAS-contaminated sewage sludge, often referred to as "biosolids," is sometimes spread on agricultural fields as fertilizer. Plants can absorb PFAS from the soil, and livestock that consume contaminated water or graze on affected land can accumulate PFAS in their meat and dairy products. This practice has led to livestock poisonings in some areas, such as Maine, which subsequently banned the use of biosolids on farmland.[1]

Food Packaging is a common source of exposure. Grease-proof wrappers, pizza boxes, and microwave popcorn bags often contain PFAS. These chemicals can leach into food, particularly when heated.[1]

Household & Consumer Products are also major contributors. Many everyday items contain PFAS, including non-stick cookware, waterproof clothing, stain-resistant furniture, cosmetics, and dental floss. These products can shed PFAS into household dust and air, leading to human exposure.[1]

Newly Detected Sources (2025) have expanded the list of potential exposure pathways. Recent studies have identified PFAS in menstrual products (tampons, pads, and period underwear), pet food packaging and water bowls, and children's car seats, strollers, and waterproof baby gear.[1]

Air & Rainfall represent a widespread contamination route. PFAS released by factories can evaporate and travel long distances, eventually returning to the earth through rainfall. This process can contaminate even remote wilderness areas.[1]

In summary, PFAS can enter your water, food, and home through industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, food packaging, household and consumer products, newly detected sources like menstrual products and pet supplies, and air and rainfall.

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