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Opioids are a class of drugs that include both prescription medications and illegal substances like heroin.[1] They are used to reduce pain by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and body, which can lead to pain relief, but also carry significant risks.[1]

Opioids can be categorized into natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic types.[1] Natural opioids, also known as opiates, are derived from the opium poppy plant, while semi-synthetic opioids are created in laboratories by chemically processing natural opioids.[1] Synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, are manufactured entirely in laboratories.[1]

Opioids are a major driver of the drug overdose crisis in the United States, with the vast majority of overdose deaths involving illicitly manufactured fentanyl and other potent synthetic opioids.[1] Prescription opioids, when used as directed, can treat pain, but they also carry risks of addiction, misuse, and overdose.[5] The misuse of prescription opioids led to the first opioid public health crisis starting in the 1990s.[1]

Opioids can cause side effects such as drowsiness, constipation, euphoria, nausea, vomiting, and slowed breathing.[3] Long-term effects from chronic opioid use include chronic constipation, sleep-disordered breathing, and an increased risk of overdose.[7]

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic brain disease that causes a person to compulsively seek out drugs, even though they cause harm.[5] Treatment options for OUD include medications like methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone, as well as behavioral therapy.[1]

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) plays a leading role in the National Institutes of Health HEAL (Helping to End Addiction Long-term®) Initiative, an effort to develop new scientific solutions to the overdose epidemic.[1] SAMHSA's National Helpline, 1-800-662-HELP (4357), provides confidential treatment referral and information services.[2]

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