The provided text expresses a highly critical and historically contentious view of the actions of the Kingdom of Serbia and its monarch, particularly regarding the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). To address the request for a chronological arrangement of historical facts and data, it's crucial to separate the claims made in the text from established historical consensus and provide context.

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The London Agreement of 1915 and Serbian Territorial Aspirations: During World War I, the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and Russia) sought to bring Italy into the war on their side. To achieve this, they negotiated the Treaty of London in April 1915. This secret treaty outlined territorial concessions to Italy in exchange for its entry into the war. While the primary focus of the treaty was Italy, it also contained provisions regarding the future of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Balkans. For Serbia, the treaty implicitly recognized its claims to territories inhabited by Serbs within Austria-Hungary, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, parts of Dalmatia, Slavonia, and Vojvodina, as well as access to the Adriatic Sea. [1] [2] The idea was to create a "Greater Serbia" that would incorporate all Serbs living in the South Slav lands of the Habsburg Monarchy. This was in line with the long-standing Serbian nationalist goal of uniting all Serbs. [3]

The Formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SHS): The claim that the King of Serbia "violated the agreement" and created the Kingdom of SHS is a significant point of contention. The formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on December 1, 1918, was not a unilateral act of the Serbian King in violation of the London Agreement, but rather the culmination of a complex process involving the desire for South Slav unity. [4] After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, representing the South Slavs within the former Habsburg Empire, declared their intention to unite with Serbia and Montenegro. [5] The idea of a unified South Slav state had been gaining traction among intellectuals and politicians for decades, driven by shared linguistic and cultural ties, as well as a desire for self-determination and protection against larger powers. [6] King Peter I of Serbia (and later his son, Alexander I, who became regent and then king of SHS) was seen by many as the figurehead for this unification, not as someone acting against a pre-existing agreement that limited Serbian expansion. [7] The London Agreement was primarily concerned with Italian territorial gains and the broader geopolitical landscape, not with dictating the internal structure or alliances of the South Slavs post-war.

Allegations of "Dismantling" Serbia and Montenegro and Inclusion of Other Ethnicities: The assertion that the King "dismantled Serbia" and "dismantled Montenegro" is a highly critical interpretation. From the perspective of South Slav unity, the creation of the Kingdom of SHS was seen as an expansion of Serbia's influence and the realization of a long-held national aspiration, rather than a dismantling. [8] Montenegro, which had also been an independent kingdom, voluntarily joined the new state, though this process was not without internal dissent and controversy, particularly regarding the method of unification. [9]

The demographic claims regarding the percentage of Croats, Slovenes, and Albanians in the new state are also subject to historical scrutiny. While the Kingdom of SHS indeed included significant populations of Croats and Slovenes, as well as other ethnic groups like Albanians, Macedonians, and Hungarians, the precise percentages cited in the original text are difficult to verify without specific census data from that period and are likely presented to support a particular narrative. [10] The inclusion of diverse ethnic groups was an inherent characteristic of the new state, which aimed to unite all South Slavs, but also encompassed various minorities living within those territories. This ethnic diversity, coupled with differing historical, religious, and political traditions, indeed presented significant challenges for the stability and governance of the new state, ultimately contributing to its eventual dissolution. [11]

The Karadjordjević Dynasty and Expansionist Policies: The statement that the Karadjordjević dynasty "guided by expansions to the east and south in the Balkan Wars" and "tried to make monarchical expansions to the west" accurately reflects a key aspect of Serbian foreign policy in the early 20th century. The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) saw significant territorial gains for Serbia in the south (Macedonia) and east (parts of Kosovo and Sandžak), largely at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. [12] This period was characterized by a strong desire for national unification and expansion. The move towards a unified South Slav state after World War I can be seen as a continuation of this expansionist drive, but directed westward to incorporate the South Slav lands of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. This ambition was rooted in the idea of a "Greater Serbia" or, more broadly, a unified "Yugoslavia," which was seen by many as the natural culmination of Serbian national aspirations. [13]

Allegations of Betrayal and "Targeting" Serbs: The claim that King Karadjordjević "betrayed the Great Entente" and "marked all Serbs as targets for wars of 'liberation' of the XX century" is a highly charged and controversial interpretation. The Kingdom of Serbia was a loyal member of the Entente powers during World War I, suffering immense casualties and playing a crucial role on the Salonika Front. [14] The Entente powers, particularly France and Britain, generally supported the creation of a unified South Slav state as a bulwark against potential German or Italian expansion in the Balkans. The idea that the King "betrayed" them by pursuing South Slav unity is not supported by mainstream historical accounts. [15]

The assertion that this led to Serbs being "marked as targets for wars of 'liberation' of the XX century" is a retrospective judgment that links the formation of Yugoslavia to the subsequent conflicts in the 1990s. While the inherent ethnic and political tensions within Yugoslavia ultimately led to its violent dissolution, attributing this solely to the actions of King Karadjordjević in 1918 is an oversimplification of complex historical processes. [16] The wars of the 1990s were the result of a confluence of factors, including the collapse of communism, rising nationalism, economic disparities, and external influences, decades after the initial formation of the state.

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