The two witnesses mentioned in Revelation 11 are figures whose identity and role have been subject to various interpretations within Christian eschatology. While their exact identity is not explicitly stated in the biblical text, several prominent theories exist, often drawing parallels with Old Testament figures and prophetic traditions. The most widely accepted interpretations identify the two witnesses as either Moses and Elijah, or as symbolic representations of the Church or a specific group of believers. [1]

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One common interpretation posits that the two witnesses are Moses and Elijah. This view is supported by several textual and thematic connections. Both Moses and Elijah were significant prophets in Israel's history, known for performing powerful miracles and confronting corrupt rulers. Moses was associated with plagues and turning water into blood,[2] similar to the powers attributed to the two witnesses in Revelation 11:6: "These have power to shut heaven, that it rain not in the days of their prophecy: and have power over waters to turn them to blood, and to smite the earth with all plagues, as often as they will."[3] Elijah, on the other hand, was known for calling down fire from heaven and for his ascension without experiencing death,[4] which resonates with the witnesses' eventual ascension after their resurrection.[3] Furthermore, both Moses and Elijah appeared with Jesus during the Transfiguration,[5] an event often seen as a preview of Christ's glorious return and the establishment of His kingdom. This appearance is interpreted by some as a prefigurement of their role in the end times. [6]

Another significant interpretation views the two witnesses as symbolic representations rather than literal individuals. In this view, they symbolize the Church or a faithful remnant of believers who bear witness to God's truth during the tribulation period. The "sackcloth" they wear is often interpreted as a symbol of mourning, repentance, and prophetic testimony in a time of spiritual darkness.[3] [7] Their prophetic ministry, enduring persecution, and ultimate vindication are seen as emblematic of the Church's mission and perseverance. This interpretation emphasizes the enduring nature of God's testimony through His people, even in the face of intense opposition. [8]

Some scholars also propose other identities, though these are less prevalent. For instance, some suggest Enoch and Elijah, as both are recorded as having been taken by God without experiencing death, making them candidates for a future return to fulfill a prophetic role and experience death.[9] However, the specific powers attributed to the witnesses in Revelation 11 align more closely with Moses and Elijah. [1]

The "great city" (Revelation 11:8) where the witnesses are killed is described as "spiritually called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified." This description strongly points to Jerusalem, which is often depicted in prophetic literature as both a holy city and one that has rebelled against God. [10] The reference to "where also our Lord was crucified" further solidifies Jerusalem as the location. While some historical interpretations have suggested Rome or other symbolic world powers, the textual clues within Revelation 11:8 make Jerusalem the most compelling interpretation for the location of their martyrdom. [11]

The historical and cultural context of prophets wearing sackcloth is crucial to understanding the imagery in Revelation 11. In ancient Israel, wearing sackcloth was a well-known public sign of national mourning, deep distress, and a call to repentance. Prophets often adopted this attire to signify a message of impending judgment or to urge the people to turn back to God. [12] This act served as a visual sermon, communicating the gravity of the situation and the urgency of their message. The two witnesses wearing sackcloth thus signifies their role as prophets delivering a solemn message of repentance and judgment during a period of great tribulation. [7]


Authoritative Sources

  1. The Two Witnesses. [GotQuestions.org]
  2. Exodus 7-12. [Bible Gateway]
  3. Revelation 11:3-6. [Bible Gateway]
  4. 1 Kings 17-18; 2 Kings 1-2. [Bible Gateway]
  5. Matthew 17:1-8; Mark 9:2-8; Luke 9:28-36. [Bible Gateway]
  6. The Transfiguration and the End Times. [Bible Study Tools]
  7. What is the significance of sackcloth in the Bible?. [Christianity.com]
  8. Revelation Commentary: The Two Witnesses. [Enduring Word]
  9. Genesis 5:24; Hebrews 11:5. [Bible Gateway]
  10. Revelation 11:8. [Bible Gateway]
  11. The Great City in Revelation 11:8. [Bible.org]
  12. Sackcloth and Ashes. [Jewish Virtual Library]

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