Here's an attempt to define fascism, drawing on the provided sources and my own knowledge:

Defining Fascism

Fascism is a complex political ideology and mass movement that emerged in the early 20th century, particularly in Europe, and has been characterized by various scholars and sources.[1] It's important to note that defining fascism is challenging, as it has manifested differently across various countries and historical periods.[2] However, several core characteristics are commonly associated with it.

One key aspect is extreme nationalism, often combined with militarism and a belief in the supremacy of the nation or a specific ethnic group.[3] This often involves a rejection of individual rights and a subordination of individual interests to the perceived good of the nation.[4] Fascist regimes frequently promote a cult of personality around a strong leader, using propaganda and mass mobilization to generate enthusiasm and support for the regime.[5]

Fascism also typically involves authoritarianism and a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader.[6] This often leads to the suppression of opposition, the use of violence, and the control of various aspects of society, including the economy.[7] Fascist regimes often seek to overthrow existing systems of government and persecute political enemies, while also championing traditional values.[8]

Based on the provided sources and my knowledge, here's a breakdown of common characteristics:

Common Characteristics of Fascism

Fascism's economic policies are not uniform, but they often involve a degree of state control and intervention, sometimes described as "socialism with a capitalist veneer," with the goal of national self-sufficiency (autarky).[9] Fascists often present themselves as an alternative to both capitalism and socialism.[10]

Fascism gained prominence in Europe between World War I and World War II.[1] Key examples include:

Historical Context and Examples

• Extreme Nationalism: A belief in the supremacy of the nation, often with a focus on race, ethnicity, or culture.[3]
• Authoritarianism: A centralized, autocratic government with a dictatorial leader.[6]
• Cult of Personality: The promotion of a leader as a strong, charismatic figure to be revered.[5]
• Militarism: Emphasis on military strength and expansion.[11]
• Suppression of Opposition: Use of violence and control to eliminate dissent.[7]
• Control of Society: Regimentation of social and economic life.[7]
• Propaganda: Use of mass media to promote the regime and its ideology.[5]
• Grievance: A focus on perceived injustices and a sense of victimhood.[12]

Fascism Today

• Benito Mussolini's Italy: The first fascist regime, characterized by a cult of personality, suppression of opposition, and aggressive foreign policy.[13]
• Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany: Known for its extreme racism, militarism, and the Holocaust.[14]
• Francisco Franco's Spain: A military dictatorship with fascist characteristics.[15]

While the major fascist regimes of the interwar period were defeated, the core ideas and tactics of fascism can still be observed in contemporary political movements.[16] These movements often employ populist rhetoric, nationalism, and a rejection of democratic norms.[16]

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