Number the Stars by Lois Lowry: Book Summary and Student Study Guide

Chapter 1: Why Are You Running?

Summary

The novel opens in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1943 during the Nazi occupation. Ten-year-old Annemarie Johansen and her best friend Ellen Rosen are stopped by German soldiers while racing home from school. The soldiers question why they are running, frightening the girls. Upon arriving home, Annemarie's mother scolds them for attracting attention. We learn that Annemarie's older sister Lise died three years earlier, and her five-year-old sister Kirsti complains about wartime shortages. The chapter establishes the tense atmosphere of occupied Denmark, where food is rationed and German soldiers patrol the streets.

Analysis

Lowry immediately establishes the threatening atmosphere of the Nazi occupation through the encounter with the soldiers. The seemingly innocent question "Why are you running?" carries ominous undertones, showing how ordinary activities have become suspicious. The contrast between Annemarie's pre-war memories and current reality highlights the drastic changes brought by occupation. The chapter introduces key themes of fear, friendship, and the loss of innocence.

Key Quotes

"And now there were soldiers. Everywhere."
"'Girls who run are noisy,' one of them said harshly. 'You make too much noise on the street.'"
"'I was so scared, Mama,' she said. 'They looked so angry.'"

Character Development

Annemarie is introduced as observant and protective, noticing the soldiers' guns and instinctively shielding Ellen. Ellen appears more vulnerable and frightened. Mrs. Johansen demonstrates cautious practicality, warning the girls about drawing attention. Kirsti, despite her young age, shows resilience and adaptability to wartime conditions.

Literary Elements

Setting: The occupied Copenhagen streets establish the historical context and threatening atmosphere
Foreshadowing: Lise's death is mentioned briefly, suggesting its importance to later events
Contrast: Pre-war Copenhagen versus the occupied city highlights the impact of Nazi control
Symbolism: Rationed food and goods represent the gradual loss of freedom

Discussion Questions

How does the opening scene with the soldiers establish the tone for the novel?
What does the girls' different reactions to the soldiers reveal about their characters?
How does Lowry use everyday details to show the effects of war on civilian life?
Why might the author have chosen to begin with this particular incident?

Chapter 2: Who Is the Man Who Rides Past?

Summary

Annemarie reflects on how Copenhagen has changed during three years of German occupation. She remembers how King Christian X rides his horse through the city every morning without bodyguards, embodying Danish resistance through his quiet defiance. At school, Annemarie's teacher reads from Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen. After school, the girls visit Mrs. Hirsch's button shop, but find it closed with a "CLOSED. RELOCATED" sign. Mr. Hirsch, Ellen's father, explains that Nazi soldiers have begun targeting Jewish shops. The girls then go to Ellen's apartment, where they notice her parents anxiously packing family photographs. This chapter reveals the escalating danger for Denmark's Jewish population.

Analysis

This chapter deepens the historical context while developing the growing threat to Jewish citizens. King Christian X serves as a symbol of Danish courage and quiet resistance, contrasting with the intimidating Nazi presence. The closed button shop represents the systematic economic targeting of Jews before physical persecution begins. The Rosens' packing of photographs suggests they anticipate having to flee, highlighting their precarious situation and foreshadowing later events.

Key Quotes

"'It's a good thing that your father is a teacher and not a shopkeeper,' Annemarie pointed out."
"'It's because the Hirsches are Jews,' Papa had explained."
"'Why are you packing the photographs?' Annemarie asked Ellen curiously, watching as Ellen's mother removed them from the wall."

Character Development

Annemarie shows growing awareness of political realities but still maintains some childish innocence. Ellen's family's nervousness reveals their understanding of their vulnerable position. Mr. Johansen demonstrates honest explanation of difficult concepts to his daughter, treating her as mature enough to understand the truth about the persecution of Jews.

Literary Elements

Symbolism: King Christian X represents Danish resistance and national pride
Foreshadowing: The closed shop and packed photographs hint at coming dangers
Historical integration: Hans Christian Andersen's stories represent Danish cultural identity
Contrast: The peaceful king versus aggressive soldiers highlights different forms of power

Discussion Questions

How does the story of King Christian X function in the novel? What does he represent?
What is the significance of Mrs. Hirsch's button shop being closed?
Why do you think Ellen's parents are packing away family photographs?
How does this chapter build on the atmosphere established in Chapter 1?

Chapter 3: Where Is Mrs. Hirsch?

Summary

The Johansen family discusses the closure of the button shop at dinner. Mr. Johansen explains that the Nazis are "relocating" Jews, though he clearly doesn't believe the official explanation. He tells the girls about the Nazi persecution of Jews throughout Europe. Kirsti innocently mentions the yellow star she saw on Mrs. Hirsch's coat. Later that night, Annemarie finds her parents worriedly listening to BBC radio reports from London, which is forbidden under Nazi rule. They quickly turn it off when they hear footsteps outside. Annemarie recalls how her parents had previously explained that Lise died in an accident just before her wedding to Peter Neilsen, who now visits occasionally and brings illegal newspapers.

Analysis

This chapter reveals the breadth of Nazi persecution and introduces the Johansens' quiet resistance through forbidden radio listening. The yellow star on Mrs. Hirsch symbolizes the systematic identification and targeting of Jews. The parents' attempt to shield their children while still preparing them for reality shows the difficult balance families maintained during wartime. Peter's connection to underground newspapers introduces the Danish Resistance movement, establishing another layer of defiance against occupation.

Key Quotes

"'All of Europe's Jews are being 'relocated,' Papa had explained. 'They are treating Jews horribly, and taking them away.'"
"'So they have closed many Jewish shops, and they are moving the Jewish families into other places.'"
"'I want to hear about Lise,' Kirsti whined... 'You never talk about Lise anymore.'"

Character Development

Mr. Johansen emerges as a principled man willing to tell his children difficult truths. Mrs. Johansen balances protecting her children with preparing them for danger. Annemarie shows growing maturity in her understanding of the political situation. The mystery around Lise's death deepens, suggesting there may be more to the story than an accident.

Literary Elements

Dramatic irony: The reader understands the true meaning of "relocation" while Kirsti does not
Symbolism: The yellow star represents persecution and identification of Jews
Foreshadowing: The mysterious circumstances of Lise's death suggest importance to later plot
Motif: Radio as connection to the outside world and symbol of resistance

Discussion Questions

Why do you think the Johansens listen to the forbidden BBC broadcasts?
How does Kirsti's innocence about the yellow star contrast with the reality of its meaning?
What do you think really happened to Lise? Why might there be secrets about her death?
How does the author balance representing historical truth with making it appropriate for young readers?

Chapter 4: It Will Be a Long Night

Summary

Late one evening, the Johansens receive an urgent visit from Peter Nielsen, warning them that the Nazis have obtained lists of all Jewish families in Copenhagen and plan to arrest them that night. The Rosens need a safe place to hide, and Peter asks if Ellen can stay with the Johansens while her parents seek refuge elsewhere. When Ellen arrives, Mrs. Johansen removes Ellen's Star of David necklace and hides it in a safe place. The three girls share Annemarie's bed, with Ellen positioned between Annemarie and Kirsti. Their anxious wait is interrupted when Nazi soldiers pound on their door in the middle of the night, demanding entry to search for the Rosens.

Analysis

This chapter marks a significant escalation in danger and the Johansens' involvement in resistance activities. The removal of Ellen's necklace symbolizes the erasure of Jewish identity required for survival, while Mrs. Johansen's promise to keep it safe represents the hope that Ellen will reclaim her heritage after the war. The bedroom scene, with Ellen protected between the two sisters, visually represents how the Johansens are shielding her. The sudden arrival of soldiers creates a cliffhanger that heightens tension.

Key Quotes

"'The Germans have taken the synagogue lists of all the Jews. They're warned the rabbi, and he warned others.'"
"'It will be dangerous,' Mrs. Johansen told her. 'We must pretend that Ellen is part of our family.'"
"'I will keep it here for you,' Mama told her, 'and you can wear it again after the war.'"

Character Development

The Johansens demonstrate moral courage by unhesitatingly agreeing to hide Ellen. Annemarie begins to understand the seriousness of the situation, showing growing maturity. Ellen reveals both vulnerability and strength in her willingness to separate from her parents and trust the Johansens. Peter's role in the resistance becomes more explicit, showing his evolution from family friend to active resistance member.

Literary Elements

Symbolism: The Star of David necklace represents Ellen's Jewish identity and heritage
Foreshadowing: The soldiers' arrival signals increasing danger
Suspense: The chapter ends with a cliffhanger moment
Motif: Night as a time of danger and vulnerability

Discussion Questions

Why is Ellen's necklace so significant, both as a personal item and as a symbol?
How does the physical arrangement of the girls in bed reflect the protective relationship between the families?
What does Peter's warning reveal about the Danish resistance movement?
What moral choices do the characters make in this chapter, and what are the potential consequences?

Chapter 5: Who Is the Dark-Haired One?

Summary

Nazi soldiers enter the Johansen apartment and question why the family has three daughters when only two are registered. Mr. Johansen quickly lies, claiming they've always had three daughters and showing the soldiers old baby pictures of Lise, saying they belong to Ellen (whom he calls "Lise"). The soldiers are suspicious of Ellen's dark hair, which differs from the blonde Johansen girls. Mr. Johansen explains this by saying Ellen takes after her mother's side. One soldier examines Ellen's hair and ears, looking for Jewish features, causing Ellen to tremble with fear. Eventually, the soldiers leave, unconvinced but without evidence to prove their suspicions. After they depart, the family is shaken but relieved to have protected Ellen successfully.

Analysis

This tense chapter demonstrates how quickly ordinary people had to become convincing liars to protect lives. The scene with the soldier examining Ellen's physical features illustrates the dehumanizing racial theories of Nazism. Mr. Johansen's quick thinking in using Lise's photos shows both his resourcefulness and how the memory of his deceased daughter continues to have a presence in their lives. Ellen's dark hair becomes a physical representation of difference that threatens her safety, highlighting the arbitrary and visual nature of racial persecution.

Key Quotes

"'You have three daughters?' the officer asked. 'Three?' His voice was stern."
"'And this one,' he said, pointing to Ellen's dark head between the two blond ones, 'she doesn't look like the others.'"
"'Hold still,' the officer commanded. He reached forward and took a handful of Ellen's hair... Then he bent and examined her earlobe."

Character Development

Mr. Johansen shows remarkable composure and quick thinking under extreme pressure. Ellen demonstrates courage by remaining still during the frightening physical examination. Annemarie witnesses firsthand the danger of being Jewish in occupied Denmark, deepening her understanding of Ellen's vulnerability. Kirsti's innocent sleep through the encounter emphasizes her continued sheltered existence despite the dangers around her.

Literary Elements

Dramatic tension: The inspection scene creates intense suspense
Irony: Lise, though dead, helps save Ellen through her photographs
Symbolism: Ellen's dark hair represents visible difference and the arbitrariness of persecution
Contrast: The sleeping Kirsti versus the terrified but awake Ellen and Annemarie

Discussion Questions

How does Mr. Johansen's quick lie about Ellen being their daughter Lise develop his character?
What does the soldier's examination of Ellen's physical features tell us about Nazi ideology?
How does this confrontation change the relationship between Ellen and the Johansen family?
Why might the author have chosen to have Kirsti sleep through this encounter?

Chapter 6: Is the Weather Good for Fishing?

Summary

The day after the soldiers' visit, Mrs. Johansen arranges for the three girls to travel to her brother Henrik's seaside farm in northern Denmark. She explains that the countryside will be safer for Ellen and provides more food for all of them. Before departing, they learn that Ellen's parents have safely escaped. On the train journey, they must pass through multiple checkpoints where Nazi soldiers inspect paperwork. At one check, Mrs. Johansen handles a tense moment by calmly answering soldiers' questions about their journey. Upon arrival, Uncle Henrik greets them warmly but appears distracted. Later, when Mrs. Johansen asks Henrik if the weather will be good for fishing, he gives a seemingly coded response: "It depends on what you're fishing for."

Analysis

This chapter introduces travel as both escape and danger. The countryside represents safety, but the journey itself exposes them to scrutiny. The train journey symbolizes the precarious path to freedom, with multiple checkpoints representing obstacles. The coded conversation about fishing at chapter's end reveals that Henrik is involved in resistance activities, likely helping Jews escape to neutral Sweden across the water. This cryptic exchange introduces the resistance network's secretive communication methods.

Key Quotes

"'Ellen's parents left their apartment very early this morning... They've gone away. To visit cousins, they told me.'"
"'Where is Sweden?' Kirsti asked... 'It's just across the water... You can see it from Gilleleje.'"
"'Henrik,' she said, 'is the weather good for fishing?'"

Character Development

Mrs. Johansen reveals her courage and composure during the train journey. Henrik emerges as a new character whose apparent normalcy masks his dangerous resistance work. Annemarie begins to recognize that adults speak in code around children to protect them from dangerous knowledge. Ellen demonstrates resilience despite her separation from her parents and lingering fear.

Literary Elements

Coded language: The fishing conversation introduces secret communication
Setting shift: Moving from urban Copenhagen to rural Denmark creates new dynamics
Foreshadowing: The mention of Sweden hints at escape routes across the sea
Symbolism: Checkpoints represent the obstacles to freedom under occupation

Discussion Questions

What is the significance of the move from city to countryside in the story?
How do you interpret the coded conversation about fishing at the end of the chapter?
Why does the author include the detail about seeing Sweden from the coast?
How do different characters handle fear throughout the train journey?

Chapter 7: The House by the Sea

Summary

Annemarie, Ellen, and Kirsti adjust to life at Uncle Henrik's coastal farmhouse. Henrik lives simply as a fisherman and farmer, rising before dawn to work. The girls explore the beautiful countryside, enjoying relative freedom compared to occupied Copenhagen. Annemarie shows Ellen the path through the meadow to the sea, and they can see the Swedish coast across the water. They gather wildflowers and visit Henrik's cow, Blossom. Annemarie explains to Ellen that Henrik's boat has a false bottom where he hides fish when soldiers inspect his catch. At dinner, Annemarie notices that her mother and uncle seem tense, exchanging meaningful glances. They also prepare Henrik's bedroom for other guests who are expected to arrive the following night.

Analysis

This chapter provides a brief respite from immediate danger while subtly developing the resistance plotline. The farm's natural beauty contrasts with the tense urban environment they left behind. The mention of Henrik's boat with a false bottom subtly foreshadows its true purpose in smuggling people, not fish. The Swedish coast visible across the water symbolizes freedom's proximity yet continued elusiveness. The adults' mysterious behavior and preparation for unknown guests develops the sense that larger plans are in motion.

Key Quotes

"From here, across the water, they could see Sweden. 'It looks so close,' Ellen said."
"'He has a false bottom in his boat,' she said proudly to Ellen. 'He showed it to me once.'"
"'We're having company tomorrow night,' she said, and her eyes met Henrik's. 'So we need to prepare.'"

Character Development

Annemarie begins connecting subtle clues about Henrik's activities, showing her growing awareness. Ellen temporarily recaptures some childhood joy, demonstrating her resilience. Mrs. Johansen's involvement in resistance activities becomes more apparent. Henrik emerges as a humble but brave man whose everyday occupation provides perfect cover for resistance work.

Literary Elements

Setting: The coastal setting establishes both natural beauty and strategic importance
Foreshadowing: Henrik's boat modifications hint at its true purpose
Symbolism: Sweden visible across the water represents tangible but still-distant freedom
Dramatic irony: The reader begins to understand Henrik's true activities before Annemarie fully does

Discussion Questions

How does the coastal setting contribute to both the story's atmosphere and plot?
What clues suggest that Henrik's fishing activities might have another purpose?
Why is the visibility of Sweden from the coast an important detail?
How does this chapter develop the theme of childhood innocence amid adult dangers?

Chapter 8: There Has Been a Death

Summary

Mrs. Johansen leaves for Copenhagen to attend a funeral, though she is vague about whose funeral it is. Annemarie is frustrated by the adults' secrecy and begins to realize they are protecting the children by keeping information from them. That night, Henrik returns late from fishing, and Annemarie overhears him greeting several visitors who arrive unexpectedly. Unable to sleep, Annemarie sneaks downstairs and finds her mother has returned with the Rosens and other Jewish families. Mrs. Johansen introduces them as friends who are "mourning a death." Annemarie realizes there was no actual funeral—it was a cover story for gathering the Jewish families at Henrik's house.

Analysis

This chapter reveals the full extent of the resistance operation: Henrik's farm is a way station for Jews escaping to Sweden. The funeral story provides a legitimate reason for gathering, showing the resistance's clever use of everyday events as cover. Annemarie's midnight discovery represents her crossing a threshold into greater awareness of the adult world and its dangerous realities. The euphemism of "mourning a death" carries multiple meanings—mourning the loss of homes and normal life, while also acknowledging the mortal danger they face.

Key Quotes

"'You will be careful, won't you, Mama?' Annemarie had asked... 'Don't worry,' Mama had said, smiling. 'I will be careful.'"
"She heard murmured voices, people moving, a baby crying briefly, then hushed."
"'These are friends who will be staying with Henrik for a few days,' Mama said. 'They are... mourning a death.'"

Character Development

Annemarie's frustration with being kept in the dark shows her desire to participate more actively in the adult world. Her midnight investigation demonstrates growing courage and curiosity. Mrs. Johansen's return reveals her deeper involvement in the resistance than previously indicated. The brief appearance of the Rosens reminds readers of the personal stakes amid the larger historical events.

Literary Elements

Metaphor: "Mourning a death" works as both cover story and truthful description of their situation
Setting: Nighttime creates both concealment for the refugees and a sense of mystery
Dramatic irony: Annemarie's dawning realization of what the adults have been planning
Symbolism: The threshold between upstairs (childhood innocence) and downstairs (adult realities)

Discussion Questions

Why do the adults use the cover story of a funeral? What makes this an effective disguise?
How is Annemarie's midnight discovery a turning point in her character development?
What does the phrase "mourning a death" mean literally and figuratively in this context?
How does this chapter change your understanding of Henrik's and Mrs. Johansen's roles?

Chapter 9: Why Are You Lying?

Summary

The next morning, Annemarie confronts her mother about the lies regarding the funeral and the visitors. Mrs. Johansen explains that knowing too much can be dangerous—if questioned by soldiers, Annemarie can't reveal what she doesn't know. She tells Annemarie about the Danish Jews being smuggled to Sweden and explains that nearly all of Denmark's Jewish population is being helped to safety by ordinary citizens. Later, Annemarie notices that Ellen seems happy to be reunited with her parents. At lunch, Henrik announces that he'll be fishing that night, and there's a tense atmosphere as the adults prepare. Annemarie realizes they plan to transport the Jewish refugees to Sweden under cover of darkness.

Analysis

This chapter explicitly addresses the moral complexity of lying during wartime, showing how deception becomes ethical when used to protect lives. Mrs. Johansen's explanation about the importance of ignorance introduces the concept that knowledge itself can be dangerous. The revelation about the nationwide effort to save Danish Jews highlights the novel's historical foundation and demonstrates collective resistance through ordinary citizens' actions. The pending nighttime escape creates mounting tension and underscores the dangerous final stage of the journey to freedom.

Key Quotes

"'They were taking Denmark's Jews. All of them. They were arresting them and sending them away.'"
"'So it is easier for me not to know, is that what you are saying, Mama?' Annemarie asked... 'Yes. That is exactly what I am saying.'"
"'It is much easier to be brave if you do not know everything.'"

Character Development

Annemarie grapples with the moral complexity of necessary lies, showing ethical growth. Mrs. Johansen frankly explains the resistance operations, treating Annemarie with new respect as someone mature enough to understand partially but still need protection. Ellen's joy at reunion with her parents reminds readers of the human relationships at stake in these dangerous operations.

Literary Elements

Theme development: The moral complexity of truth versus necessary lies
Exposition: Historical context about Denmark's rescue of Jews is integrated naturally
Foreshadowing: Henrik's fishing plans create anticipation for the night's events
Contrast: The warm daytime domesticity versus the dangerous nighttime mission ahead

Discussion Questions

Is Mrs. Johansen right that it's "easier to be brave if you do not know everything"? Why or why not?
How does this chapter develop the theme of truth versus lies in wartime?
Why does the author include historical information about Denmark's rescue efforts?
How would the story be different if Annemarie knew everything from the beginning?

Chapter 10: Let Us Open the Casket

Summary

That afternoon, a hearse arrives with a casket, supposedly containing the body of Great-aunt Birte—a relative Annemarie has never heard of. When she questions her mother about who Birte is, Mrs. Johansen admits there is no Birte; the casket is empty and part of the plan to transport the Jewish refugees. The casket provides an explanation for the gathering should Nazi soldiers investigate. That evening, a brief funeral service is held, and mourners wear coats despite the warm room. Nazi soldiers unexpectedly arrive, suspicious of the gathering. They demand the casket be opened. Peter, who is leading the service, explains it's against custom to open a casket during a funeral and that the deceased died of typhus, which is highly contagious. This causes the soldiers to hesitate.

Analysis

The fake funeral represents the ultimate subversion of Nazi power—using death itself as a tool for saving lives. The empty casket becomes a powerful symbol of resistance, using the Germans' own respect for death rituals against them. Peter's quick thinking in claiming the deceased died of typhus shows the resistance fighters' resourcefulness. The scene builds extreme tension as the refugees' lives hang in the balance of this confrontation. The coats worn despite the warm room foreshadow the coming journey across cold waters.

Key Quotes

"'Great-aunt Birte,' Mama said. 'Great-aunt Birte. That's who has died.' Annemarie frowned. 'Great-aunt Birte? I've never heard of her.'"
"'Open it!' the officer ordered. 'Let us see what old woman looks so dangerous to Denmark!'"
"'It is against custom,' Peter said quietly. 'We do not open caskets at funerals.'"

Character Development

Annemarie begins to understand the elaborate deceptions required for resistance. Peter demonstrates remarkable composure under pressure. Mrs. Johansen shows her willingness to involve Annemarie more deeply in the resistance activities. The Nazi officer represents the bureaucratic cruelty of the occupation forces, suspicious of even a funeral.

Literary Elements

Symbolism: The empty casket represents both death and hope
Irony: A funeral, normally associated with ending life, becomes a means of saving lives
Suspense: The confrontation with the soldiers creates intense tension
Setting: The claustrophobic interior heightens the trapped feeling of the refugees

Discussion Questions

What makes the fake funeral an effective cover for the resistance operation?
How does Peter's claim about typhus demonstrate psychological understanding of the soldiers?
What is the symbolic significance of an empty casket in this context?
How do different characters handle fear during the soldiers' investigation?

Chapter 11: Will We See You Again Soon, Peter?

Summary

When the Nazi officer insists on opening the casket despite Peter's warnings about typhus, Mrs. Johansen intervenes, offering him a sedative for his upset soldiers—actually sleeping pills from her medicine bag. Peter begins reading from the Bible to maintain the funeral pretense. Soon after the soldiers leave, Peter distributes warm clothes from the casket to the refugees for their journey across the cold sea. He also gives them packets containing handkerchiefs soaked in a special liquid that Henrik will need. The families prepare to leave, with everyone soberly aware of the danger. After the refugees depart for the boat, Peter says goodbye, mentioning that he'll be going to a different location for another resistance operation. He gives Annemarie a kiss on the forehead before leaving.

Analysis

This chapter represents the culmination of the resistance plan and showcases multiple acts of bravery. Mrs. Johansen's quick thinking with the sleeping pills demonstrates civilian resourcefulness against military power. The Bible reading provides both spiritual comfort and practical cover. The transformation of the casket from holding death to containing life-saving supplies symbolizes hope overcoming despair. Peter's farewell carries ominous undertones, suggesting the ongoing dangers of resistance work and foreshadowing that they might not see him again.

Key Quotes

"'Ah,' Mama said, 'I think I can help. My medicine bag is here. My brother has not been feeling well—that is why we are visiting.'"
"'The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want,' Peter read, and his voice did not tremble."
"'Uncle Henrik says that the baby is the most dangerous,' Ellen whispered to Annemarie. 'He is afraid that it will begin to cry just when the German patrol boat passes.'"

Character Development

Mrs. Johansen reveals her intelligence and composure in crisis. Peter's Bible reading shows his spiritual depth beyond his resistance activities. Annemarie witnesses the courage of ordinary people performing extraordinary acts, furthering her own moral development. The Jewish refugees demonstrate quiet dignity and courage as they prepare for the dangerous journey.

Literary Elements

Symbolism: The transformation of the casket from death symbol to life-saving container
Biblical allusion: Psalm 23 provides comfort in the valley of the shadow of death
Foreshadowing: Peter's goodbye suggests his fate may be uncertain
Motif: The packets with handkerchiefs introduce a mystery element to be resolved later

Discussion Questions

How does Mrs. Johansen's quick thinking with the medicine reflect female resistance during war?
Why does Peter choose Psalm 23 to read during this crisis moment?
What is the significance of the mysterious handkerchiefs in the packets?
What makes Peter's goodbye to Annemarie particularly poignant?

Chapter 12: Where Was Mama?

Summary

After the refugees leave with Henrik, Annemarie and Kirsti go to bed. Annemarie wakes in the night to find her mother hasn't returned. She goes downstairs and discovers Mrs. Johansen lying injured at the bottom of the cellar stairs. Her ankle is badly hurt, possibly broken. Mrs. Johansen explains that she tripped while returning from delivering something to Henrik at the boat—a package that Henrik urgently needed but had been forgotten. Annemarie helps her mother to a chair and prepares to go to Henrik's boat herself with the package, despite her fear. Mrs. Johansen explains that the package must reach Henrik before his boat reaches the Nazi patrol boats, emphasizing its critical importance to the refugees' safety.

Analysis

This chapter creates a crucial turning point where Annemarie must step from observer to active participant in the resistance efforts. Her mother's injury serves as the catalyst that forces her to assume adult responsibility. The forgotten package creates urgency and raises stakes—without it, the entire escape operation could fail. This development places Annemarie in direct danger for the first time, testing her courage beyond simply keeping secrets. The nighttime setting amplifies the sense of isolation and danger Annemarie faces.

Key Quotes

"'I think you have broken your ankle,' Annemarie said in a frightened voice, 'and I think you have hurt your head.'"
"'I have to get to Henrik! Before his boat leaves!' Mama tried to pull herself up, and moaned."
"'But the soldiers might be there by now. From the other direction.' She spoke aloud, to herself. 'Oh, if only I had left earlier!'"

Character Development

Annemarie transitions from protected child to active resistance participant. Mrs. Johansen shows both vulnerability through her injury and strength in her determination to complete the mission despite pain. The relationship between mother and daughter evolves as Annemarie must now care for her injured mother while taking on an adult responsibility.

Literary Elements

Plot device: The injury creates a narrative reason for Annemarie to step into danger
Setting: Nighttime increases vulnerability and danger
Suspense: The unknown contents of the package create mystery
Symbolism: The physical journey Annemarie must take represents her metaphorical journey to maturity

Discussion Questions

How does Mrs. Johansen's injury change Annemarie's role in the story?
What makes the forgotten package an effective plot device?
How does this crisis reveal Annemarie's character growth since the beginning of the novel?
What emotions might Annemarie be experiencing as she prepares for her dangerous mission?

Chapter 13: Run! As Fast As You Can!

Summary

Annemarie takes the vital package and rushes through the woods toward the harbor, trying to reach Henrik before his boat departs with the refugees. She follows her mother's instructions, taking the path through the meadow rather than the road where soldiers might be patrolling. Running through the dark forest alone, Annemarie feels terrified but continues on determinedly. She imagines herself as Little Red Riding Hood in the fairy tale, venturing through dangerous woods on an important mission. Halfway through her journey, she suddenly encounters four German soldiers with dogs. They stop her and demand to know why she's out alone so early in the morning.

Analysis

This chapter represents Annemarie's most direct confrontation with danger. Her journey through the dark forest symbolizes her passage from childhood innocence to adult responsibility. The fairy tale reference to Little Red Riding Hood connects her modern experience to timeless themes of danger, courage, and vulnerability. The soldiers with dogs create the most immediate physical threat Annemarie has faced, serving as the culminating test of her courage and quick thinking. The chapter builds suspense by ending at the moment of confrontation, leaving her fate uncertain.

Key Quotes

"'Run!' her mother had said. 'Run! As fast as you can!'"
"In her mind, she tried to make herself like Ellen: to have Ellen's dark, frightened eyes, Ellen's dark hair, Ellen's courage and bravery."
"A tall, armed soldier had emerged from the trees, a German shepherd at his side. Behind him were others, three of them, uniformed and booted, each with a dog straining at its leash."

Character Development

Annemarie fully embraces her role as an active resistance participant, pushing through fear to complete her mission. She draws strength from thinking of Ellen's courage, showing how their friendship has shaped her character. Her ability to maintain composure despite terror demonstrates remarkable growth from the frightened girl of Chapter 1 who was intimidated by German soldiers in Copenhagen.

Literary Elements

Allusion: References to Little Red Riding Hood connect this modern war story to timeless fairy tales
Setting: The dark forest creates both physical and psychological challenges
Suspense: The cliffhanger ending builds tension
Symbolism: The journey through the forest represents Annemarie's passage to maturity

Discussion Questions

How does Annemarie's forest journey compare to the journey the Jewish refugees are making across the sea?
Why does the author include the fairy tale reference to Little Red Riding Hood?
How does Annemarie draw strength from thinking about Ellen during her mission?
How has Annemarie's response to encountering German soldiers changed since the beginning of the novel?

Chapter 14: On the Dark Path

Summary

Confronted by the German soldiers, Annemarie pretends to be a naive farm girl delivering lunch to her fisherman uncle. She allows them to search her basket, which contains only bread and cheese on top, with the mysterious package hidden beneath. When the soldiers' dogs become agitated, sniffing at the basket, the commanding officer takes out the package, examines it briefly, and tosses it back, dismissing it as unimportant. He warns Annemarie about breaking curfew but ultimately allows her to continue. After they leave, Annemarie runs frantically toward the harbor, eventually reaching Henrik's boat just as he's preparing to depart. She gives him the package, explaining that her mother fell and couldn't deliver it herself. Henrik thanks her and tells her to return home quickly.

Analysis

This chapter showcases Annemarie's ability to maintain her composure under extreme pressure, demonstrating how effectively she has learned the art of necessary deception. The soldiers' inspection of the basket creates intense suspense, particularly as the dogs react to the hidden package. Ironically, the package that seems so vital passes the soldiers' inspection because they underestimate its importance—a recurring theme of how the resistance succeeds through the Germans' failure to recognize seemingly ordinary objects and people as threats. Annemarie's successful delivery represents the completion of her transformation from protected child to active resistance member.

Key Quotes

"'I have bread and cheese for my uncle,' she said. 'He's a fisherman. He asked me to bring his lunch because he had to leave so early...'"
"He turned the package over, glanced at it, and then handed it to her father. 'Nothing,' he said. 'A little package wrapped in a handkerchief.'"
"'Take it quickly. And then go back to your mother. Tell her all is well. We will come home when we can.'"

Character Development

Annemarie demonstrates remarkable poise and quick thinking during the interrogation, showing how much she has matured. Her ability to appear innocent while carrying out a dangerous mission shows her growing sophistication. Henrik's brief but warm acknowledgment of her bravery affirms her new status as a trusted resistance participant.

Literary Elements

Dramatic irony: The reader understands the package's importance while the soldiers dismiss it
Suspense: The inspection scene creates intense tension
Setting: The dark path represents both physical danger and moral ambiguity
Contrast: Annemarie's apparent innocence versus her actual mission

Discussion Questions

How does Annemarie's encounter with the soldiers demonstrate her growth since the beginning of the novel?
Why might the German officer have dismissed the package so easily?
What qualities allow Annemarie to succeed in her dangerous mission?
How does this chapter develop the theme that ordinary people can perform extraordinary acts of courage?

Chapter 15: My Dogs Smell Meat!

Summary

Returning home, Annemarie finds her mother still in pain but relieved by her successful mission. Mrs. Johansen prepares to travel to the doctor in town for her injured ankle. Before leaving, she explains the significance of the package Annemarie delivered—it contained a handkerchief treated with rabbit blood and cocaine. The strong scent overwhelms dogs' sense of smell, preventing them from detecting human scent on the boat. This explains why the German officer's dogs became agitated when sniffing Annemarie's basket. Henrik returns that evening and reports that all the refugees, including the Rosens, safely reached Sweden. He explains how the specially treated handkerchief saved them during an inspection by a Nazi patrol boat with search dogs.

Analysis

This chapter provides resolution to the mystery of the package while revealing the ingenious methods of the Danish resistance. The handkerchief represents the power of science and ingenuity against brute military force. The explanation about overwhelming the dogs' sense of smell illustrates how resistance often worked through cleverness rather than direct confrontation. Henrik's report of the successful crossing provides emotional closure for the immediate crisis while maintaining appropriate tension about the ongoing war. The chapter highlights how seemingly small actions—delivering a handkerchief—can have life-saving consequences.

Key Quotes

"'The handkerchief was one that Uncle Henrik needed for the fishing boat,' Mama said. 'It was a special handkerchief.'"
"'When the soldiers brought their dogs aboard to search for hidden Jews—that's when Henrik needed the handkerchief.'"
"'The handkerchief—and others like it—soaked in that mixture, prevented the dogs from tracking.'"

Character Development

Annemarie fully comprehends the significance of her contribution to the resistance. Mrs. Johansen reveals deeper knowledge of resistance techniques than previously shown. Henrik acknowledges Annemarie's crucial role in the successful operation, validating her growth into someone capable of important resistance work.

Literary Elements

Resolution: The mystery of the package is explained
Symbolism: The handkerchief represents intelligence overcoming brute force
Historical detail: The explanation about the scent-masking technique provides authentic historical content
Pacing: The calm aftermath contrasts with the previous chapters' intensity

Discussion Questions

How does the handkerchief symbolize the resistance movement's approach to fighting Nazi occupation?
Why is it significant that Annemarie learns the purpose of her mission after completing it?
How does the successful crossing to Sweden represent both an ending and a continuing challenge?
What makes the scent-masking technique an effective example of resistance ingenuity?

Chapter 16: I Will Tell You Just a Little

Summary

After the successful escape of the Rosens and other Jewish families, life at Henrik's farm returns to a quieter rhythm. Annemarie asks her uncle to explain more about the resistance operations. Henrik carefully shares limited information, explaining that fishermen across Denmark have been secretly transporting Jews to Sweden—almost the entire Jewish population of Denmark has been saved. He reveals that the king himself may know about these operations but pretends ignorance to protect both himself and the resistance. Henrik explains that Annemarie was brave when she needed to be, just as the king and all of Denmark have been. He says they will continue helping others escape until the war ends and Denmark is free again.

Analysis

This chapter provides historical context while exploring the nature of courage. Henrik's explanation about the nationwide rescue effort places Annemarie's personal experience within the larger historical framework of Denmark's resistance. The discussion about bravery—that it emerges when needed rather than existing constantly—offers a philosophical perspective on courage appropriate for young readers. The reference to the king's strategic ignorance illustrates how resistance operated at all levels of society. This reflective chapter allows readers to process the emotional events of previous chapters while understanding their historical significance.

Key Quotes

"'For two years now, since the Germans occupied Denmark, the Danes have been smuggling Jews across to Sweden.'"
"'All of Denmark is their bodyguard,' Uncle Henrik had said proudly, and Annemarie knew it was true."
"'That's all that brave means—not thinking about the dangers. Just thinking about what you must do.'"

Character Development

Annemarie gains deeper understanding of her own courage through Henrik's explanation. Henrik reveals himself as not just a simple fisherman but a thoughtful resistance member with a philosophical perspective on their work. Both characters reflect on courage as situational rather than inherent, suggesting that ordinary people can rise to extraordinary challenges when necessary.

Literary Elements

Exposition: Historical context about Denmark's rescue efforts is provided
Theme development: The nature of courage is explored explicitly
Symbol: The king represents both official Denmark and the everyday citizen
Tone: Reflective and quietly triumphant

Discussion Questions

How does Henrik's definition of bravery compare to conventional ideas about courage?
What is the significance of the king's strategic "ignorance" about resistance activities?
How does this chapter help readers understand the historical context of the novel?
What message does the author convey about ordinary people's capacity for heroism?

Chapter 17: All This Long Time

Summary

Two years later, in 1945, the war in Europe ends. German occupation forces leave Denmark, and Henrik brings the Rosens home from Sweden. Annemarie and Ellen have a joyful reunion. Annemarie retrieves Ellen's Star of David necklace, which she had kept hidden behind a painting. As she struggles to refasten the necklace around Ellen's neck, they discuss how Ellen's parents have changed, growing thinner and grayer during their time as refugees. Annemarie finally reveals to Ellen the truth about her older sister Lise's death: Lise was part of the resistance and was deliberately hit by a German car during a resistance meeting. Peter, Lise's fiancé, was recently executed by firing squad for his resistance activities. Annemarie vows to wear her own necklace every day as a symbol of remembrance.

Analysis

This concluding chapter provides both historical and emotional resolution while acknowledging the permanent scars of war. The return of the Star of David necklace symbolizes the restoration of Jewish identity and religious freedom. The revelation about Lise's death connects the personal tragedy of the Johansen family to the larger resistance movement, showing how their involvement predated the novel's events. The news of Peter's execution tempers the joy of liberation with the sobering reality of sacrifice. The struggle with the necklace clasp represents the difficulty but ultimate possibility of rebuilding what was broken by war.

Key Quotes

"'See how the sunlight makes the chain gold again?' Ellen said. 'When I wear it for a while, it will be gold all the time. My father says the necklace has always been symbolic of our faith and the time of our persecution.'"
"'Lise died because she was part of the Resistance,' she told Ellen. 'She was working with Peter... and they were meeting... in the evening, after curfew. The Nazis knew about the meeting somehow.'"
"'One of the last things Peter did... was arrange for the escape of Ellen's parents and Henrik's boat with the drugs for the handkerchiefs.'"

Character Development

Annemarie and Ellen's reunion shows their unchanged friendship despite their different wartime experiences. Annemarie's understanding of Lise's death demonstrates her mature comprehension of sacrifice and resistance. Ellen's return with her necklace represents both continuity and change—she maintains her Jewish identity while acknowledging how the experience has transformed her family.

Literary Elements

Symbolism: The Star of David necklace represents faith persisting through persecution
Circular structure: The novel ends with the necklace being restored, completing the arc begun when it was removed
Resolution: Multiple storylines are concluded, including Lise's mysterious death
Theme development: Personal courage connected to national resistance

Discussion Questions

How does the revelation about Lise's death change your understanding of the Johansen family's earlier actions?
What is the significance of Ellen's necklace as both a personal belonging and a symbol?
How does the author balance the joy of liberation with acknowledgment of permanent losses?
What message does the novel ultimately convey about resistance to oppression?

Afterword

In the afterword, Lois Lowry explains the historical basis for her novel. Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1940 to 1945. In 1943, when German authorities planned to deport Denmark's Jewish population, ordinary Danish citizens spontaneously organized a nationwide effort that successfully evacuated nearly 7,000 Jews to neutral Sweden. Lowry notes that her story combines historical fact with fictional characters and events. She explains that the handkerchief treated with rabbit blood and cocaine to confuse search dogs was based on a real resistance technique developed by scientists. Lowry acknowledges her research sources and explains that she was inspired to write the novel after hearing stories from a friend who lived in Denmark during the occupation.

Overall Book Analysis

Themes and Symbols

1. Courage and Resistance

The novel explores how ordinary people found the courage to resist oppression through both small and large acts. From Henrik's fishing boat with its false bottom to Mrs. Johansen's quick thinking with medication, the story shows varied forms of resistance. Annemarie's journey from frightened observer to active participant demonstrates the development of courage as a response to necessity rather than an inherent quality.

2. Truth, Lies, and Moral Complexity

The novel repeatedly examines the moral complexity of deception during wartime. Characters must lie consistently to protect lives, challenging simple notions of honesty as an absolute virtue. Mrs. Johansen's explanation that "it is easier to be brave if you do not know everything" explores how partial knowledge sometimes enables necessary action.

3. Jewish Identity and Persecution

Ellen's Star of David necklace symbolizes both vulnerability and pride in Jewish identity. Its removal for safety and eventual restoration tracks the arc of Jewish persecution and survival during the Holocaust. The novel emphasizes both the targeting of Jews and the resistance to that persecution by non-Jewish allies.

4. Coming of Age

Annemarie's journey from protected child to active resistance participant forms the novel's core coming-of-age narrative. Her growing awareness of political realities and willingness to face danger mark her transition toward adulthood, accelerated by wartime circumstances.

5. Death and Sacrifice

Lise's death in resistance activities, Peter's execution, and the empty casket used to smuggle supplies all explore how death and its symbolism operated during wartime. The novel doesn't shy away from showing the cost of resistance while emphasizing its necessity.

Significant Quotes

"It is much easier to be brave if you do not know everything." (Mrs. Johansen to Annemarie) This quote encapsulates a central theme about how partial knowledge sometimes enables courage, while also justifying the adults' protection of children from full awareness.
"That's all that brave means—not thinking about the dangers. Just thinking about what you must do." (Henrik to Annemarie) This definition of courage as action rather than fearlessness offers an accessible concept of bravery for young readers.
"All of Denmark is their bodyguard." (Henrik about the king) This quote captures the novel's emphasis on collective resistance and national identity as sources of strength against occupation.
"And now there were soldiers. Everywhere." (Chapter 1) This simple observation establishes the pervasive oppression of occupation from the novel's opening pages.
"She was a little girl who had just been fishing for the first time in her life—successfully. And she was sitting in the sun, on all that had been lost, but was now found again." (During Ellen's return) This quote symbolizes both personal and national recovery after occupation.

Character Development

Annemarie Johansen

Annemarie transforms from a cautious ten-year-old who fears German soldiers to a courageous participant in resistance activities. Her journey represents the novel's core coming-of-age narrative, as she learns to overcome fear for the sake of those she loves. By the end, she understands the moral complexities of wartime actions and the personal sacrifices made by her family.

Ellen Rosen

Ellen demonstrates remarkable resilience throughout her ordeal. Her removal and eventual restoration of her Star of David necklace symbolizes the persecution and survival of Danish Jews. Though often in a vulnerable position, Ellen shows quiet courage and maintains her core identity despite circumstances forcing her to temporarily hide it.

Mrs. Johansen

Initially appearing as a conventional protective mother, Mrs. Johansen reveals increasing depths of courage and resistance involvement. Her quick thinking in multiple crises and willingness to risk herself for others demonstrate everyday heroism. Her injury forces Annemarie to step forward, creating a crucial plot development.

Uncle Henrik

Henrik appears initially as a simple fisherman but emerges as a key resistance figure. His quiet strength and philosophical understanding of courage provide important guidance for Annemarie. His fishing boat with its hidden compartment symbolizes the dual nature of resistance—normal appearance concealing dangerous activities.

Peter Nielsen

Peter evolves from Lise's fiancé to active resistance leader and eventually martyr. His Bible reading during the crisis and ultimate execution highlight the spiritual and sacrificial dimensions of resistance. His character connects the personal story of the Johansens to the larger historical resistance movement.

Historical Context

"Number the Stars" is deeply rooted in actual historical events. Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany from April 1940 until May 1945. In October 1943, when the deportation of Danish Jews was planned, an extraordinary nationwide effort spontaneously emerged to evacuate nearly 7,000 Jews to neutral Sweden. This rescue effort succeeded because of ordinary citizens' willingness to hide Jewish neighbors and fishermen's courage in transporting refugees across the water.

The novel accurately portrays key historical elements:

King Christian X's daily rides through Copenhagen as a symbol of Danish sovereignty
The use of fishing boats to transport refugees across the narrow strait to Sweden
The nationwide nature of the rescue effort, involving people from all walks of life
The development of special scents to confuse German search dogs
The preservation of nearly all of Denmark's Jewish population, one of the few European Jewish communities to largely survive the Holocaust

The fictional elements are seamlessly integrated with this historical framework, creating an accessible entry point for young readers to understand this crucial historical episode.

Discussion Questions

How does Annemarie's understanding of courage change throughout the novel?
What role do everyday objects (handkerchiefs, necklaces, family photographs) play in the story's development?
How does the novel balance the truth about Nazi persecution with an age-appropriate presentation for young readers?
What different forms of resistance are portrayed in the novel, and which seem most effective?
How does the novel explore the moral complexity of lying during wartime?
What is the significance of Annemarie's comparison of herself to Little Red Riding Hood during her forest journey?
How does Lise's death and its true cause affect your understanding of the Johansen family's involvement in resistance?
Why might Lowry have chosen a child protagonist to tell this story of historical resistance?
How does the novel portray the relationship between Jewish and non-Jewish Danes during the occupation?
What message does the novel ultimately convey about an individual's responsibility during times of injustice?