Yes, SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be converted into DNA and integrated into the human genome. This process is mediated by reverse transcription, often utilizing the endogenous reverse transcriptase activity of human Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 (LINE1) retrotransposons [1], [2].

Studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 RNA sequences, particularly subgenomic fragments, can be reverse-transcribed into DNA copies and subsequently integrated into the chromosomes of infected human cells [1]. This phenomenon has been observed in both cultured cell lines and, importantly, in patient-derived tissues [1]. The integration events often exhibit molecular hallmarks consistent with LINE1-mediated retroposition, such as target site duplications and LINE1 endonuclease recognition sequences at the integration junctions [1].

This genomic integration helps to explain why some individuals may continue to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by PCR for weeks or months after clinical recovery, even in the absence of active, infectious viral replication [1]. The integrated viral DNA can be transcribed into chimeric RNA sequences, which are then detected by PCR tests [1]. However, because typically only subgenomic fragments of the viral RNA are integrated, these integrated sequences are generally not capable of producing replication-competent, infectious virus [1].

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